Building a Predictable Outbound Revenue Engine: Key Strategies and Tactics

Table of Contents Unpredictable revenue is one of the biggest headaches for any sales team. It makes planning difficult, forecasting unreliable, and can stall growth when it matters most. Teams are left reacting instead of driving results. This unpredictability feels unavoidable for many, but it doesn’t have to be. A predictable outbound revenue engine creates consistency. It builds a steady flow of qualified opportunities, giving teams the confidence to plan, forecast, and invest in growth. With the right strategies and disciplined execution, predictable outbound is achievable. Our blog lays out a clear, practical roadmap for building an outbound engine that delivers reliable results over time.   Why Predictable Outbound Revenue is Crucial for Sustainable Growth Sustainable growth is only possible when sales leaders can rely on a consistent flow of new business. A predictable outbound revenue engine gives your team control over pipeline creation, reducing dependence on external factors like inbound demand or market shifts. This consistency is essential for planning, forecasting, and making informed business decisions. Predictability also signals operational maturity to investors and stakeholders. When a business can demonstrate reliable, repeatable sales processes, it builds confidence in leadership and enhances overall valuation. A strong outbound engine reduces risk by ensuring the pipeline doesn’t dry up when inbound channels slow down. Outbound is often overlooked in favor of inbound marketing, but it offers a level of control that inbound cannot match. While inbound depends on the market’s interest, outbound empowers teams to proactively identify, engage, and convert the right accounts. The ability to create predictable revenue is a competitive advantage in any market and a key driver of long-term growth.   The Core Components of a Predictable Outbound Revenue Engine Clearly Defined Ideal Customer Profile (ICP) and Targeting The foundation of predictable outbound is clarity about who you are targeting. Without a clearly defined Ideal Customer Profile (ICP), efforts are scattered, and results become unreliable. A strong ICP is built on data, looking at your best customers, analyzing patterns, and identifying the characteristics that indicate a strong fit. Refining your ICP is not a one-time exercise. It should evolve based on feedback, performance data, and changing market conditions. When the ICP is dialed in, targeting becomes precise, messaging becomes more relevant, and the team can focus on accounts that are most likely to convert. A well-crafted ICP reduces wasted effort and keeps outbound focused on high-value prospects. Consistent and High-Quality Lead Generation Once the ICP is clear, the next step is creating a steady flow of qualified leads. A predictable outbound engine depends on repeatable and scalable lead generation processes. This means using a mix of channels: email, phone, LinkedIn, and others, and ensuring the data feeding those channels is accurate and up to date. Diversification is key. Relying on a single lead source introduces risk. A healthy outbound program combines multiple lead sources, ensuring a balanced and resilient pipeline. The goal is not just volume, but quality. Leads must align with the ICP, meet specific criteria, and be verified before entering the outreach process. Quality lead generation builds the foundation for predictable results. Standardized and Effective Outreach Sequences Consistency is impossible without process. Standardized outreach sequences ensure every lead receives the right mix of touchpoints at the right time. This includes a thoughtful cadence of emails, calls, and social engagement tailored to your audience. Personalization remains essential. A strong outbound engine balances efficiency with relevance, using templates and frameworks as a starting point but customizing messages based on the account’s needs and priorities. Standardization allows teams to scale without sacrificing quality, while personalization ensures messages resonate. Effective outreach is not about volume for the sake of it. It is about delivering the right message, to the right person, at the right moment. A disciplined approach to outreach sequences creates a rhythm that drives predictable engagement. Robust SDR Enablement and Training Even the best processes won’t succeed without skilled execution. SDRs must be equipped with the tools, knowledge, and confidence to engage prospects effectively. This starts with a strong onboarding program but requires ongoing training and support to maintain high performance. Enablement is more than product knowledge. It includes understanding market trends, common objections, and the challenges faced by your ICP. SDRs need to know how to have meaningful conversations, handle objections with confidence, and move prospects to the next stage. Regular coaching sessions, feedback loops, and performance reviews are essential. SDRs thrive when they have clear expectations, understand best practices, and feel supported in their development. A predictable outbound engine depends on empowered SDRs who consistently execute at a high level. Accurate Sales Forecasting and Pipeline Management Predictability means nothing if you cannot track and forecast results. A reliable outbound engine requires a disciplined approach to forecasting. This means understanding key metrics like lead-to-opportunity conversion rates, average deal size, and sales cycle length. Pipeline management is equally important. Teams must maintain a clean, up-to-date pipeline, with clear stages, accurate close dates, and regular reviews. A healthy pipeline is not just full, it is active, realistic, and aligned with the team’s capacity to deliver. Without accurate forecasting and strong pipeline discipline, it’s impossible to make informed business decisions or allocate resources effectively. A predictable outbound engine gives leadership the data they need to guide growth with confidence. Leveraging Technology and Automation Strategically Technology should enable predictability, not create complexity. CRM systems, sales engagement platforms, and automation tools help streamline processes, track activities, and maintain visibility into performance. But they must be implemented with care. The goal is to support the process, not replace the human element. Automation can handle repetitive tasks like follow-ups or data enrichment, but personalization and judgment remain critical. The best systems are those that integrate seamlessly into the team’s workflow, reduce administrative burden, and provide clear insights without overwhelming the user. Technology is a multiplier when used correctly. It allows teams to do more with less, maintain consistency, and measure performance accurately. But it should always serve the strategy, not the other way around.

The Anatomy of a High-Converting Cold Email

Table of Contents Most cold emails are ignored. Some are deleted in seconds. A few get opened, but they rarely spark real interest. Inboxes are crowded, and attention is limited. But when executed properly, cold emails still work. A strong cold email doesn’t just show up. It shows intent. It speaks directly to the reader with relevance and respect. And when it does that well, it prompts replies that lead to serious conversations and a real pipeline. These are not tactics pulled from a single company’s playbook. They are principles observed across high-performing outbound programs that treat email with discipline and clarity.   Why Cold Email Still Works Cold outreach has its critics, but the problem is rarely the medium itself. It’s how the medium is used. Most cold emails fail because they are poorly written, self-promotional, or mass-distributed with little care. They prioritize volume over thought. They rely on jargon instead of relevance. That’s why so many go unread or ignored. But the inbox still offers direct access to decision-makers. When email is approached with precision and relevance, the outcome changes. SDRs can cut through the noise with messages that feel considered and timely. They can start meaningful conversations that would be difficult to initiate otherwise, especially in markets where attention is scarce and gatekeepers are common. Cold email remains one of the most efficient ways to build pipeline, particularly for companies looking to scale without heavy reliance on paid media or events. But it only works when every part of the message has a clear purpose, and when the outreach is built around the recipient—not the sender.   The Structure of a High-Converting Cold Email Effective cold emails follow a tight structure. They are built with the reader in mind and respect their time from subject line to sign-off.   The Subject Line That Gets the Open The subject line is the first filter. If it doesn’t land, the rest of the message won’t be seen. That’s why it needs to be clear, intentional, and immediately relevant. Effective subject lines don’t try to be clever. They don’t rely on urgency tactics or ambiguous hooks. They offer a reason to open the email based on what the recipient cares about. The most reliable subject lines are: Short enough to read at a glance (ideally under 45 characters) Tied to a timely initiative, challenge, or opportunity Framed around the recipient, not the sender Free of buzzwords or vague promises Subject lines that consistently get opened include: “Idea to support [Company Name]’s [specific initiative]” “[First Name], quick thought on [pain point or opportunity]” “Follow-up to [relevant webinar, event, or article]” “Helping [Company Name] prep for [industry event or milestone]” “Question on [specific team or department] priorities” It’s not about standing out in the inbox for the sake of it. It’s about being relevant enough to earn the open. A good subject line sets the tone and shows the sender respects the reader’s time — before they even click.   The Opening Line That Signals Relevance The first line must prove this is not a bulk message. A good opener shows that you’ve done your homework and have a reason for reaching out. This could include: A reference to a podcast they were featured on A nod to a recent funding round or product launch A personal note about their public point of view It should be specific and genuine. For example: “I liked your perspective on scaling product teams in last week’s interview. Your comment on hiring across time zones stood out.” This kind of opening shows intent. It signals that your message deserves a second look.   The Body That Gets to the Point This is where most cold emails lose momentum. The body should be short, clear, and framed around the recipient’s priorities, not your product features. A simple structure works well: One sentence explaining why you’re reaching out One or two sentences about the results you’ve helped others achieve A short note on why it might be relevant now Keep it factual. Avoid fluff. Make it clear why this is worth the reader’s time. Example:“We’ve helped several fintech companies reduce customer onboarding time by 40 percent without adding headcount. I thought this might be relevant given your recent expansion.” The goal is to create interest, not to close a deal in one message.   The CTA That Makes It Easy to Say Yes A good call to action is specific, easy to act on, and respectful. Avoid vague phrases like “Let me know if you’re interested.” Instead, propose a simple next step. Examples: “Would you be open to a quick call next week?” “Happy to send over a short summary if this is on your radar.” “Is this something you’d like to explore further this quarter?” Make the ask small, clear, and tied to something that benefits them. That increases the odds of getting a reply.   The Sign-Off That Feels Professional The close should reinforce credibility without being overbearing. Skip phrases like “Looking forward to hearing from you” or “I’ll follow up until I hear back.” Keep it simple: “Thanks for reading” “Appreciate your time either way” Include your name, role, and a professional signature. If relevant, add one quiet line of social proof, like a link to your company or a note that you’ve worked with peers in their space. But don’t overdo it. This part should feel informative, not promotional.   Mistakes That Undermine Good Outreach Even with the right structure, cold email can go wrong. Results suffer when execution doesn’t match intent. Below are some of the most common mistakes that weaken otherwise promising outreach efforts: Too long. Emails that exceed 120 words often lose the reader halfway through. Attention spans are short, and a long message signals that it may not be worth the time. Clarity matters more than detail. Too vague. Phrases like “helping you scale faster” or “driving innovation” might sound impressive, but they rarely communicate real value. Prospects need

US Expansion: Implementing Targeted SDR Campaigns for Optimal Reach

Table of Contents Breaking into the US market is about more than showing up with a great product. It’s about knowing where to show up, who to talk to, and how to say something worth hearing. The sheer size and complexity of the US, across regions, industries, and company types, means that a blanket outreach strategy will fizzle out fast. SDRs trying to cut through the noise in the US don’t just need to work harder. They need to work smarter. That starts with targeting. Effective SDR campaigns zero in on specific market segments, speak their language, and respect the cultural and operational differences that exist across the country. A well-executed targeted campaign is not just more polite. It’s more productive. The following lays out a practical roadmap for designing and running targeted SDR campaigns that help B2B companies navigate the US market with precision. You’ll find segmenting tactics, outreach techniques, and messaging tips: all designed to drive meaningful reach and results. The U.S. market does not operate as a single, uniform entity. It is an aggregation of distinct regional economies, each with its own business customs, expectations, and pace of decision-making. The purchasing mindset in San Francisco differs from that in Chicago, just as the tone of outreach that works in New York may feel out of place in Dallas. Overlooking these distinctions leads to generic messaging that rarely resonates. Sales efforts become diluted, and the potential for meaningful traction diminishes quickly. Targeted SDR campaigns bring precision to an effort that has historically leaned too heavily on volume. When messaging is tailored to reflect the specific needs, pain points, and language of a particular sector or geography, outreach becomes more than just a cold introduction. It feels intentional. It earns attention. Relevance increases when campaigns speak directly to the operational realities of a given industry or region. Technology leaders on the West Coast, for example, often respond well to outreach that reflects current funding trends and platform scalability. Meanwhile, East Coast financial executives may prioritize compliance and risk mitigation. The more an SDR understands these distinctions, the stronger the foundation for a credible conversation. This level of specificity also drives engagement. Generic messaging rarely makes it past an inbox. By contrast, a well-researched and directly applicable message stands out. It signals that the sender has invested time in understanding the business, which in turn earns more thoughtful replies and higher open rates. Conversion rates benefit as well. When prospects recognize themselves in the outreach—when their priorities are reflected clearly—they are far more likely to take the next step. It’s not about persuasion through pressure, but about relevance and timing. Equally important is the efficiency that comes with this approach. SDR teams are often working within tight bandwidths. Spreading effort thinly across too many segments leads to fatigue and low return. A focused strategy means fewer wasted hours, more meaningful conversations, and a clearer view of what success looks like. This is where Whistle’s expertise becomes particularly useful. Designing and executing SDR strategies that account for regional nuance, sector trends, and buyer psychology requires more than tools or data. It requires judgment. Whistle brings structured thinking and operational clarity to this process, helping teams align outreach with real market potential, rather than chasing broad targets that rarely convert. At its core, a targeted approach reflects a more respectful way to sell. It acknowledges the sophistication of modern buyers and responds with relevance, not volume. For companies expanding into the U.S., this is no longer optional. It is the standard that top-performing teams are setting.   Key Considerations for Segmenting the US Market for Targeted SDR Campaigns Geographic Segmentation: Understanding Regional Differences The U.S. is not monolithic. Business practices in the Midwest differ from those in the Pacific Northwest. Recognizing these regional distinctions is crucial. For instance, companies in the Northeast may prioritize tradition and established relationships, while West Coast firms might be more open to innovation and new technologies. Adjusting messaging to align with these regional attitudes can make outreach more effective. Industry-Specific Targeting: Reaching Relevant Verticals Different industries have distinct challenges and priorities. A healthcare provider’s concerns differ from those of a manufacturing firm. By understanding the specific pain points of each industry, SDRs can craft messages that address real needs. This approach not only demonstrates expertise but also builds trust, showing prospects that the SDR understands their world. Company Size and Type Segmentation: Targeting Ideal Customer Profiles The needs of a startup differ from those of a multinational corporation. Segmenting by company size allows SDRs to tailor their approach accordingly. For example, small businesses may value cost-effective solutions and rapid deployment, while larger enterprises might prioritize scalability and integration capabilities. Recognizing these differences ensures that messaging resonates with the specific concerns of each company type. Persona-Based Targeting: Engaging Key Decision-Makers Within any organization, different roles have different priorities. A CFO focuses on financial implications, while a CTO is concerned with technical feasibility. Developing detailed personas helps SDRs address the unique concerns of each decision-maker. By speaking directly to these concerns, SDRs can position their solutions more effectively, increasing the likelihood of engagement. Behavioral Segmentation: Leveraging Engagement Data Behavior is often the clearest indicator of intent. When prospects engage with content such as attending a webinar, downloading a whitepaper, or returning to specific pages on a website, they are signaling their priorities in real time. These actions offer insight into where they are in the decision-making process and what subjects are top of mind. By analyzing these patterns, SDRs can move beyond demographic or firmographic assumptions and tailor outreach to align with the prospect’s recent actions. This allows communication to be better timed and more relevant. It also reduces the risk of sending generic follow-ups that do not reflect the prospect’s current focus.   For example, someone who requests a technical case study is likely evaluating specific solutions, while someone browsing introductory blog content may still be exploring the broader category. Understanding this distinction informs not only when

Optimizing SDR Workflows: Eliminating Friction for Maximum SDR Output

Table of Contents   Hiring more SDRs sounds like progress. Until you start doing the math. Add up the time it takes to find the right candidates, train them, build infrastructure, manage performance, and burn through the usual learning curve, and suddenly, what looked like a growth plan starts to resemble a stall. The pressure to scale sales is real for companies with aggressive revenue goals. But internal headcount alone won’t cut it. There’s too much friction. Too many bottlenecks. Too many tasks are pulling leaders away from actual strategy. Strategic SDR outsourcing changes that. It offers a more intelligent, more flexible way to scale. When done right, it adds capacity and capability without draining internal resources. It allows teams to accelerate revenue without sacrificing quality, culture, or control. The Scaling Dilemma: Challenges of Building Sales Teams In-House On paper, building a sales team from scratch looks like a natural move. But inside most revenue teams, reality gets in the way. Finding qualified candidates alone can take months. And once they’re hired, you’re investing in onboarding, tech stacks, enablement programs, and oversight before a single prospect is touched. The infrastructure cost adds up. Salaries, software, systems, management, none of it cheap, none of it fast. Meanwhile, market conditions don’t wait. Opportunities can come and go while your team is still getting ramped. Then comes the human side. Motivating a growing team, maintaining consistency, protecting culture, and ensuring accountability become a full-time job. And that’s assuming you retain talent in the first place. Most internal SDR teams also operate under resource constraints. You hire slower than you need. You trade speed for control. And as a result, you scale revenue more cautiously than your targets demand. Strategic SDR outsourcing bypasses those constraints. Instead of being locked into internal capacity, you tap into pre-built systems, trained reps, and proven playbooks. The result is faster execution and fewer growing pains.   The Smart Solution: Scaling Revenue Through Strategic SDR Outsourcing Outsourcing your SDR function isn’t about replacing your internal team. It’s about increasing capacity intelligently and building a more agile sales operation. With the right partner, you gain access to trained reps, proven systems, and scalable infrastructure without the lag or complexity of building everything in-house. It’s a strategic move that aligns execution with growth goals, letting your internal team stay focused while external experts drive outbound at speed. When done well, outsourced SDRs don’t feel like outsiders. They operate as an integrated part of your go-to-market engine. The difference is in the setup: instead of hiring, onboarding, training, and managing from scratch, you tap into a ready-built motion designed to deliver results from day one. Accelerated Scaling and Faster Time-to-Revenue Speed matters. Every delay between strategy and execution is a lost opportunity, whether that’s missing your window to launch in a new market or letting a competitor beat you to a prospect’s inbox. Strategic SDR outsourcing gives you access to a fully operational outbound engine, without the delays and distractions of building it yourself. You can launch campaigns in weeks, not quarters. You can move into new segments, experiment with messaging, and refine your outreach based on live buyer data, not an internal guessing game. This ability to move quickly and iterate often is what enables real revenue acceleration. Rapid sales scaling isn’t about sending more emails. It’s about building momentum fast enough to turn strategic intent into an actual pipeline. That’s where outsourcing earns its value, helping teams skip the setup and get straight to execution. When speed directly impacts revenue, outsourced SDRs are often the difference between a fast start and a missed quarter. Cost-Effectiveness and Optimized Resource Allocation Let’s talk numbers. The total cost of an internal SDR,  including salary, benefits, office space, tech, and management, adds up quickly. Outsourcing avoids many of these sunk costs and turns outbound into a more efficient spend. You’re not paying to build systems. You’re tapping into systems that already work. The budget goes toward pipeline, not process. Strategic outsourcing also allows you to reallocate resources where they matter. Your internal team can focus on high-value conversations, while outsourced reps handle top-of-funnel activity. This balance leads to a more optimized sales budget and better overall ROI. Focus on Core Competencies and Strategic Initiatives Not everything in sales is strategic. Prospecting, list building, and follow-ups they’re essential, but they’re not where sales leadership should be spending their time. When internal teams get tied up in manual work, bigger goals get pushed aside. Outsourced SDRs free up your internal leaders to focus on strategic planning, key accounts, and revenue innovation. They also let closers close, because they’re not wasting time chasing cold leads. This clarity of focus leads to more efficient execution and a higher impact per hire across the sales function. Access to Specialized Skills and Proven Methodologies One of the biggest advantages of working with an outsourcing provider is the built-in expertise. Reps are already trained in prospecting. Systems are already in place. Messaging frameworks, QA processes, compliance? It’s all handled. You’re not just renting SDRs. You’re gaining access to a proven approach. That includes the ability to A/B test, iterate messaging quickly, and integrate seamlessly with your CRM or marketing team. The result is a more refined, expert-led outbound motion, one that would take years to build in-house. Flexibility and Adaptability to Market Demands Growth isn’t always linear. There are moments when you need to scale up quickly and others when you need to pause, pivot, or shift markets. Internal teams aren’t built for that kind of agility. But outsourcing models are. With strategic SDR outsourcing, you can flex capacity as needed. Launch a campaign for a new product. Test a different region. Double the headcount for a quarter, then re-evaluate. The model is built for change. This adaptability supports real business needs, not static headcount plans. Reduced Risk and Increased Predictability Building an internal SDR team is a big bet. If it doesn’t work, the cost is high in both

Scaling Revenue Through Strategic Outsourcing: The Smart Approach to SDR Teams

Table of Contents Hiring more SDRs sounds like progress. Until you start doing the math. Add up the time it takes to find the right candidates, train them, build infrastructure, manage performance, and burn through the usual learning curve, and suddenly, what looked like a growth plan starts to resemble a stall. The pressure to scale sales is real for companies with aggressive revenue goals. But internal headcount alone won’t cut it. There’s too much friction. Too many bottlenecks. Too many tasks are pulling leaders away from actual strategy. Strategic SDR outsourcing changes that. It offers a more intelligent, more flexible way to scale. When done right, it adds capacity and capability without draining internal resources. It allows teams to accelerate revenue without sacrificing quality, culture, or control. The Scaling Dilemma: Challenges of Building Sales Teams In-House On paper, building a sales team from scratch looks like a natural move. But inside most revenue teams, reality gets in the way. Finding qualified candidates alone can take months. And once they’re hired, you’re investing in onboarding, tech stacks, enablement programs, and oversight before a single prospect is touched. The infrastructure cost adds up. Salaries, software, systems, management, none of it cheap, none of it fast. Meanwhile, market conditions don’t wait. Opportunities can come and go while your team is still getting ramped. Then comes the human side. Motivating a growing team, maintaining consistency, protecting culture, and ensuring accountability become a full-time job. And that’s assuming you retain talent in the first place. Most internal SDR teams also operate under resource constraints. You hire slower than you need. You trade speed for control. And as a result, you scale revenue more cautiously than your targets demand. Strategic SDR outsourcing bypasses those constraints. Instead of being locked into internal capacity, you tap into pre-built systems, trained reps, and proven playbooks. The result is faster execution and fewer growing pains.   The Smart Solution: Scaling Revenue Through Strategic SDR Outsourcing Outsourcing your SDR function isn’t about replacing your internal team. It’s about increasing capacity intelligently and building a more agile sales operation. With the right partner, you gain access to trained reps, proven systems, and scalable infrastructure without the lag or complexity of building everything in-house. It’s a strategic move that aligns execution with growth goals, letting your internal team stay focused while external experts drive outbound at speed. When done well, outsourced SDRs don’t feel like outsiders. They operate as an integrated part of your go-to-market engine. The difference is in the setup: instead of hiring, onboarding, training, and managing from scratch, you tap into a ready-built motion designed to deliver results from day one. Accelerated Scaling and Faster Time-to-Revenue Speed matters. Every delay between strategy and execution is a lost opportunity, whether that’s missing your window to launch in a new market or letting a competitor beat you to a prospect’s inbox. Strategic SDR outsourcing gives you access to a fully operational outbound engine, without the delays and distractions of building it yourself. You can launch campaigns in weeks, not quarters. You can move into new segments, experiment with messaging, and refine your outreach based on live buyer data, not an internal guessing game. This ability to move quickly and iterate often is what enables real revenue acceleration. Rapid sales scaling isn’t about sending more emails. It’s about building momentum fast enough to turn strategic intent into an actual pipeline. That’s where outsourcing earns its value, helping teams skip the setup and get straight to execution. When speed directly impacts revenue, outsourced SDRs are often the difference between a fast start and a missed quarter. Cost-Effectiveness and Optimized Resource Allocation Let’s talk numbers. The total cost of an internal SDR,  including salary, benefits, office space, tech, and management, adds up quickly. Outsourcing avoids many of these sunk costs and turns outbound into a more efficient spend. You’re not paying to build systems. You’re tapping into systems that already work. The budget goes toward pipeline, not process. Strategic outsourcing also allows you to reallocate resources where they matter. Your internal team can focus on high-value conversations, while outsourced reps handle top-of-funnel activity. This balance leads to a more optimized sales budget and better overall ROI. Focus on Core Competencies and Strategic Initiatives Not everything in sales is strategic. Prospecting, list building, and follow-ups they’re essential, but they’re not where sales leadership should be spending their time. When internal teams get tied up in manual work, bigger goals get pushed aside. Outsourced SDRs free up your internal leaders to focus on strategic planning, key accounts, and revenue innovation. They also let closers close, because they’re not wasting time chasing cold leads. This clarity of focus leads to more efficient execution and a higher impact per hire across the sales function. Access to Specialized Skills and Proven Methodologies One of the biggest advantages of working with an outsourcing provider is the built-in expertise. Reps are already trained in prospecting. Systems are already in place. Messaging frameworks, QA processes, compliance? It’s all handled. You’re not just renting SDRs. You’re gaining access to a proven approach. That includes the ability to A/B test, iterate messaging quickly, and integrate seamlessly with your CRM or marketing team. The result is a more refined, expert-led outbound motion, one that would take years to build in-house. Flexibility and Adaptability to Market Demands Growth isn’t always linear. There are moments when you need to scale up quickly and others when you need to pause, pivot, or shift markets. Internal teams aren’t built for that kind of agility. But outsourcing models are. With strategic SDR outsourcing, you can flex capacity as needed. Launch a campaign for a new product. Test a different region. Double the headcount for a quarter, then re-evaluate. The model is built for change. This adaptability supports real business needs, not static headcount plans. Reduced Risk and Increased Predictability Building an internal SDR team is a big bet. If it doesn’t work, the cost is high in both dollars

Mastering Initial Outreach for SDRs

Table of Contents It’s one thing to source a lead. It’s another to get a reply. Initial outreach is where most SDRs either open the door or get shut out. You can have the best product in the world, a polished pitch deck, and a strong reason to connect. None of it matters if your first message gets ignored. Outreach is about making contact count. Prospects form an impression in seconds. They decide whether you’re worth their time before they’ve even opened your message. That means every word, every touchpoint, every subject line carries weight. When initial outreach is weak, response rates flatline, and pipeline suffers. When it’s done well, it sets the stage for meaningful conversations, strong relationships, and better close rates across the board. This post breaks down how to master initial outreach, not through gimmicks or scripts, but by understanding what truly earns attention. We’ll explore why the first impression matters, how to avoid common outreach mistakes, and how to build an approach that consistently sparks engagement.   Why the First Impression Matters: The Power of Effective Initial Outreach Most buyers don’t respond because they don’t feel seen. They’ve received too many templated messages, irrelevant pitches, or asks that arrive before trust is built. One bad cold email won’t just get ignored, it can actively turn someone off your brand. That’s what makes initial outreach so critical. It’s not just the start of a sales motion; it’s the start of a perception. Your tone, relevance, and value signal whether you’re worth responding to. Effective outreach has compounding benefits. It improves reply rates. It gives AEs better openings. It speeds up deal velocity by establishing early trust. SDRs who master it aren’t just hitting KPIs – they’re shaping the quality of pipeline downstream. The cost of a poor first impression? You don’t get a second one. No reply, no relationship, no deal. Strong outreach doesn’t guarantee a sale, but it creates the conditions for one. And that’s where the advantage starts.   Avoiding Common Pitfalls in Initial Outreach for SDRs Great outreach is simple. It’s just not easy. Too often, SDRs fall into habits that are easy to scale but hard to succeed. Here’s what to avoid and how to do it better. The Generic Blast: Why Impersonal and Automated Outreach Fails to Resonate Everyone can spot a template. Mass emails that don’t reflect the recipient’s role, company, or context get deleted on sight. Effective personalization goes beyond [First Name] and [Company]. It connects the message to something relevant: a recent initiative, a product launch, a shift in their market. Personalization shows you’ve done the work. It earns attention because it reflects intention. Targeted outreach doesn’t mean writing every message from scratch. It means grouping prospects by real similarity, industry, persona, challenge, and tailoring your message to those specifics. One great, relevant message will outperform 50 generic ones every time. The Feature Dump: Focusing Solely on Product Features Instead of Prospect Needs No one buys a product. They buy what the product helps them achieve. Early outreach that jumps into features: APIs, dashboards, integrations, misses the point. Prospects care about outcomes: saving time, cutting costs, reducing risk, hitting goals. Lead with benefits. Start with why it matters to them. Then, if interest follows, tie it back to how your product delivers that outcome. It’s not about hiding features, it’s about sequencing the conversation. Good outreach starts with pain and ends with possibility. The Pushy Pitch: Coming on Too Strong and Immediately Asking for a Meeting If your first message asks for 30 minutes, you haven’t earned the right to ask yet. Aggressive CTAs signal self-interest. The best SDRs build trust before they ask for time. They offer insight. They reference something meaningful. They give a reason to engage that doesn’t feel transactional. Think of the first touchpoint as a handshake, not a closing statement. Be confident, not coercive. It shows respect and earns more replies. The “Me, Me, Me” Message: Making the Outreach All About the SDR and the Company “We’re the leader in X.” “We help companies do Y.” “Our platform is best in class.” The prospect doesn’t care. Outreach should start in their world, not yours. Ask: What’s changing in their market? What problem are they likely facing? Why now? Customer-centric outreach starts with the prospect’s challenges, not your solution. It opens with empathy and insight. It earns trust by showing you get it. Strong outreach flips the script: it’s about them, not you. The Lack of Research: Failing to Understand the Prospect’s Role, Company, and Industry Relevance can’t be faked. When you reference the wrong title, misunderstand the company’s business model, or miss a recent event, you lose credibility. Basic research matters. Review their LinkedIn, read the “About Us” page, and skim their recent blog posts. Use tools that help with company intelligence, but never outsource thinking. The best SDRs use research not to show off, but to show respect. It’s the difference between a cold message and a considered one.   Crafting Compelling Opening Messages: Channel-Specific Strategies Outreach isn’t one-size-fits-all. Each channel requires a different approach and different strengths. Cold Email Mastery: Subject Lines That Get Opened, and Opening Lines That Engage The subject line gets you opened. The first line gets you read. Good subject lines are short, relevant, and curiosity-inducing. Avoid clickbait. Focus on clarity and context, reference their company, role, or recent activity. In the opening line, don’t start with your name. Start with why you’re reaching out, and why it matters to them. Make it about them immediately. That’s how you earn a second sentence. Cold Calling Confidence: Opening Statements That Bypass the Gatekeeper and Pique Interest Cold calls are high stakes. You have seconds to earn permission to continue. Strong openings don’t sound scripted. They sound thoughtful. Use the prospect’s name, introduce yourself clearly, and reference why you’re calling in a way that connects to their world. Voicemail matters too. Keep it under 20 seconds. Be specific, sound

Leveraging Data for High-Value Lead Identification

Table of Contents Sales teams don’t fail because they aren’t working hard enough. They fail because they’re working on the wrong leads. When lead identification is driven by gut instinct or basic firmographics, the result is predictable: too much time spent nurturing contacts who were never going to buy, and too little time spent with the people who would’ve closed. It’s not a resourcing issue. It’s a targeting issue. Precision targeting changes that. By using data science to identify the signals that actually correlate with sales outcomes, companies can shift from guessing to knowing. It’s not about finding more leads — it’s about finding the right ones. Below, we’re looking at how data science gives companies a transformative approach to lead identification. The result is a pipeline filled with leads that convert more often, faster, and with greater long-term value. The Challenges of Traditional Lead Identification Traditional lead generation methods have a glaring weakness: they prioritize volume over value. At best, these methods produce a mixed bag. At worst, they drain resources while offering little in return. Basic demographics and firmographics—industry, company size, job title—may help teams narrow their target audience, but they don’t say much about whether a prospect is likely to buy. A procurement manager at a Fortune 500 company might look ideal on paper, but without context or behavioral data, there’s no way to know if they’re in the market or just browsing. There’s also the problem of signal-to-noise ratio. Relying on generic forms of intent or outdated firmographic lists leads to bloated pipelines and burned-out reps. Sales teams waste time on leads that are misaligned, poorly timed, or simply unqualified. Worse still, traditional lead identification often fails to surface the hidden gems—those high-potential prospects who don’t fit the typical mold but exhibit strong buying intent. Without behavioral insights or advanced segmentation, they’re invisible. A modern approach to lead identification needs to do more than filter based on surface-level attributes. It must capture intent, predict engagement, and point sales teams to the right accounts at the right time. The Power of Data Science in Precision Targeting The shift to precision targeting is not just about having more data. It’s about knowing how to use it. Data science provides the models, algorithms, and frameworks to surface high-value leads and guide outreach strategies that align with buyer behavior. Leveraging Predictive Lead Scoring Models Predictive lead scoring uses historical data to anticipate which leads are most likely to convert. Machine learning models analyze past deals, lost opportunities, and sales interactions to find patterns that indicate buying readiness. These models go far beyond traditional scoring systems. Instead of assigning arbitrary weights to job titles or industries, they look at engagement signals, product usage patterns, email interactions, time on site, and more. A lead who downloads three whitepapers and attends a product demo within a week probably deserves a different score than someone who simply opened one email. This type of scoring can be continuously refined as more data becomes available. As your team interacts with more leads, the model adapts and gets smarter. That’s the power of predictive analytics in sales: constant feedback and adjustment based on real outcomes. Identifying High-Value Leads Through Behavioral Analysis Behavior is a stronger predictor of intent than any demographic data. Data science allows teams to detect key behavioral signals that often precede conversion: visiting high-value web pages, engaging with product-focused content, or repeatedly returning to a pricing page. By tracking and analyzing these behaviors, businesses can identify leads with high purchase intent early in the cycle. Behavioral marketing shifts the focus from who the lead is to what the lead is doing. It captures patterns that humans might miss, like a spike in product page views from a specific company or a prospect watching a full-length webinar at 10 p.m. local time. This analysis helps teams separate idle interest from active buying signals. It also allows for more tailored outreach, which boosts engagement and shortens sales cycles. Utilizing Natural Language Processing (NLP) for Deeper Insights Not all valuable data is structured. Emails, social posts, and live chat transcripts contain rich insights, but only if you can extract them at scale. That’s where NLP comes in. Natural language processing enables companies to analyze unstructured text and extract meaning. Sentiment analysis can identify whether a prospect is excited, confused, or frustrated. Topic modeling can uncover common pain points or areas of interest. Text classification can automatically route messages based on urgency or intent. For example, if multiple leads from the same industry mention “compliance challenges” in outreach responses or chatbot queries, that’s a signal worth acting on. NLP surfaces those insights without requiring manual review. Used well, NLP helps sales and marketing teams move beyond surface-level keywords and into the heart of what prospects care about. Employing Clustering and Segmentation Techniques Every company says they personalize. Few actually do. One reason is that most teams lack a structured way to segment leads based on real data. Clustering and segmentation algorithms solve this by grouping prospects with similar characteristics or behaviors. The groups might reflect the buying stage, product interest, or communication preferences. These segments can then inform content, timing, and channel strategy. For example, one cluster may prefer live demos and fast implementation timelines, while another values ROI calculators and in-depth case studies. Treating them the same reduces relevance and lowers conversion rates. Segmentation also helps identify underserved but promising groups. These may not have been obvious through demographic filters alone, but behavior and contextual data reveal their value. Integrating Third-Party Data for Enriched Lead Profiles Internal data can take you far. But it rarely gives the full picture. By integrating third-party data sources—industry databases, intent data platforms, financial reports—companies can enhance their understanding of each prospect. This might include recent funding rounds, executive changes, hiring trends, or partnerships. These indicators provide context that helps sales teams strike when the timing is right. Data enrichment also helps clean and standardize records. When CRM data is messy

Crafting International SDR Engines for Rapid Expansion

Table of Contents Global revenue isn’t a bonus, it’s becoming the norm. For high-growth companies, expanding internationally is no longer a bold move. It’s a standard step in building something that lasts. The opportunity is real. So is the complexity. New markets bring language barriers, regulatory headaches, and wildly different buyer behavior. But the payoff is significant if you can build a high-performing international SDR engine. You get rapid growth, wider brand reach, and a more resilient revenue model. We’re laying out a blueprint for building those engines the right way – not by copying what works at home but by designing intentionally for scale, nuance, and speed. You’ll learn what separates global sales acceleration from slow international sprawl and how to build a system that delivers.   The Imperative of Global Sales Acceleration International expansion isn’t optional for most high-growth companies. Investors expect it. Boards ask for it. Founders are judged by how quickly they can show traction in new regions. Markets that were once considered “future bets” are now front and center. Getting this right means more than opening a regional office or hiring a few reps overseas. It means building a sales development function designed for global momentum. Done well, this approach delivers: Increased market share across regions Diversified revenue streams that reduce risk Speed to pipeline in places where your competitors are still figuring out local fit   On the other hand, relying on a domestic-only growth strategy limits upside and concentrates your exposure. You end up missing out on a demand you didn’t know existed or losing to players who understood how to localize faster. That’s where international SDR engines come in. They are built to create a consistent, qualified pipeline across markets. Messaging, motion, and management are tailored for each region. Without that structure, you’re flying blind or guessing at scale.   Building the Engine: Key Components of International SDR Success Designing a high-performing global SDR engine is not about throwing bodies at new markets. It requires systems, structure, and strategy to make expansion sustainable and scalable. Here’s what matters most. Strategic Market Selection and Prioritization Not all international markets are created equal. Some might have a clear use case for your product, but long sales cycles. Others may have fewer regulatory hurdles but more entrenched local players. You need a framework to assess and prioritize opportunities. This starts with international market research. Look at GDP, digital infrastructure, buyer sophistication, and go-to-market readiness. But the decision isn’t just data-driven. Your internal readiness matters too. Do you have local references? A champion in-region? Compliance sorted? The smartest companies approach this with structured global market analysis and clear tiers. Tier 1 markets are where they can move now. Tier 2 markets need prep work. Others may be long-term bets for future investment.   Crafting Localized and Culturally Relevant Outreach Strategies It doesn’t matter how strong your pitch is if it doesn’t resonate. Outreach that works in the US or UK might fall flat in Japan or Germany. That’s why localized messaging and content are non-negotiable. This goes beyond translation. It’s about understanding buying signals, social norms, and decision-making structures. In some markets, phone calls are intrusive. In others, they’re expected. Your SDR team needs to understand these nuances. Language-specific SDRs reduce friction and build rapport faster. They also help avoid costly missteps. Localization applies to channels, too. WhatsApp might outperform email in one region, while LinkedIn carries more weight elsewhere. Great global outreach is built from the ground up. It is not copied and pasted from your home market.   Establishing Efficient Remote SDR Teams Across Time Zones Covering multiple markets means operating across multiple time zones. That can create a management headache if you’re not structured for it. But done well, it gives you near 24-hour sales coverage and a global motion that doesn’t sleep. Start by designing the right international team structure. Where are your reps based? Who manages them? How do you create overlap without adding unnecessary layers? Technology helps. Global collaboration tools like Slack, Notion, and Zoom keep distributed teams moving. But it’s also about process. You need clear handoffs, standardized onboarding, and shared expectations. Otherwise, you get inefficiencies, missed opportunities, and siloed execution. Effective remote team management is one of the biggest differences between companies that scale globally and those that stall after a few markets.   Implementing Robust SDR Enablement for Global Markets Your SDRs are only as strong as the tools and training they’re given. This matters even more across international markets, where the stakes and variables are higher. Global sales enablement starts with tailored onboarding. Reps need to understand not just the product, but also the specific objections, buyer roles, and workflows in their assigned region. One-size-fits-all decks won’t cut it. Localized sales tools, like region-specific battlecards and objection-handling guides, turn good reps into high performers. Ongoing international sales training keeps them sharp and aligned. At Whistle, we’ve seen how customized enablement can accelerate time to ramp and increase conversion rates across regions. When reps are confident and equipped, your global SDR engine moves faster and smarter.   Leveraging Data and Analytics for Continuous Optimization Your international SDR strategy shouldn’t be based on guesswork. You need data that goes deeper than basic activity metrics. International sales analytics give you visibility into which markets are producing qualified pipeline, where deals stall, and which SDRs are consistently delivering. But it’s not just about tracking KPIs. You need to know which metrics matter most in each market. A connect rate of 12 percent in Brazil might be excellent. That same number in Sweden could point to a problem. Local context matters. So does consistent tracking. Build dashboards that compare performance across markets in a meaningful way. Use those insights to optimize outreach, adjust resourcing, and focus on what works.   Integrating Technology for Scalable Outreach International growth fails when your systems aren’t built for scale. Your CRM needs to handle multi-region teams, different currencies, and regional data visibility. Without that,

How to Customize CRM Records for Enhanced Sales Visibility

Table of Contents Sales leaders often believe their CRM is doing its job. Then a forecast misses the mark. A deal drops off unexpectedly. A pipeline review leads to more questions than answers. When that happens, the issue usually isn’t the team or the process. It’s the data. Or more specifically, the gaps in visibility that most default CRM setups fail to catch. A CRM should clarify what’s happening across your funnel. But if it only captures surface-level details, it ends up giving you a false sense of control. The truth is that most CRMs, right out of the box, are designed for broad usability, not strategic insight. That’s why smart teams customize. Read on as we show you how to turn your CRM into a high-functioning, insight-generating system. We’ll explore specific examples of customization, explain why it matters, and show you how to structure your CRM to support the way your team sells.   The Limits of a Default CRM Setup CRMs are built for flexibility. That doesn’t mean the default setup works. Too often, sales teams rely on generic fields, static stages, and rigid views that don’t reflect their real process. Over time, the CRM becomes a source of frustration rather than clarity. The Wrong Fields Slow You Down Out-of-the-box CRMs usually include broad fields like “deal size” or “industry.” But they often miss critical nuance. Are you tracking product line, buyer role, internal champion, or renewal opportunity? If those details live in rep notes or Slack messages, you lose the ability to measure what matters. When reps don’t see a reason to use the CRM, they stop updating it. Inconsistent inputs lead to inconsistent reporting. And when your data is weak, your decisions are worse. Your Workflows Don’t Match Your Sales Motion Default workflows are designed to be generic. Most teams aren’t. If your deal stages are too rigid or your approval steps are missing, reps are forced to work around the system. That leads to shadow processes and lost information. Good workflows reduce friction. Poor ones create more of it. A CRM should support your sales motion, not dictate it. Dashboards That Look Good but Tell You Nothing When dashboards are tied to the wrong fields, they tell the wrong story. Maybe you can see total pipeline value, but you can’t filter by deal type or persona. Maybe you can track average deal length, but you can’t break it down by region or rep. Reporting should give you clarity. If your dashboards feel disconnected from what’s happening in the funnel, the problem is usually upstream. Activity Tracking Is Surface-Level You can see if a call happened, but not if a proposal was sent. You know when a contact was added, but not if procurement is looped in. Critical signals go untracked because the system wasn’t set up to capture them. That makes it harder to know what’s working. You’re left guessing instead of learning.   How to Customize CRM Records for Better Visibility Customizing your CRM is about more than just adding fields. It’s about aligning your system with how your team thinks, sells, and scales. Add Fields That Reflect the Way You Sell Start with the essentials. If you regularly discuss things like buying committee roles, budget status, or product fit, those details should live in structured fields. Audit your current records. What context is missing? What do reps manually track outside the CRM? Use that information to create new fields that bring those insights into view. Keep it tight. Every new field should have a reason to exist. And every required field should feel necessary, not performative. Reorganize Record Layouts Around Efficiency Field placement matters. If reps have to scroll, guess, or dig for key inputs, they won’t use the system correctly. Group fields logically. Keep must-have details above the fold. Eliminate clutter. Record layouts should reflect the flow of a deal conversation. If it feels intuitive, reps will adopt it without extra training. Build Views That Match Team Needs Create saved views that reflect how different roles work. SDRs need visibility into new leads and untouched accounts. AEs need to focus on the active pipeline. Managers need to filter for stuck deals or low activity. Give users the ability to sort, filter, and segment based on real context. The result is faster prioritization and fewer mistakes. Automate the Right Triggers Custom fields give you more data. Automations help you act on it. Trigger alerts, tasks, or workflows based on deal stage, deal value, or specific inputs like “legal involvement” or “pilot confirmed.” Automation should remove busywork and not add noise. Keep it tied to real behaviors and high-impact milestones. Build Dashboards That Reflect Your Strategy Once your CRM is capturing the right data, build dashboards that help you run the team. Don’t just show totals. Show conversion rates by stage, deal quality by persona, or sales cycle by product line. Tailor dashboards by role. Reps need to see their funnel clearly. Managers need performance insights. Leaders need to spot trends before they become problems.   Why This Matters CRM customization isn’t just a technical project. It’s a multiplier. When the system reflects your strategy, everything gets sharper. Data becomes a real asset, not a liability. Teams move faster. Leadership gains clarity. And performance improves across the board. Cleaner Data, Fewer Gaps Structured fields lead to better inputs. Better inputs lead to better reporting. You remove ambiguity and reduce reliance on scattered notes or Slack messages. Instead of incomplete records or one-off updates, you get consistent, searchable context across every deal. That improves team-wide alignment and reduces the risk of missed handoffs or misinformed decisions. When data is clean, you can trust what you’re seeing. Faster Sales Execution When reps don’t have to waste time searching for the right field or rewriting the same notes in three different places, they get back to what they’re paid to do. A customized CRM supports their workflow instead of interrupting it. Tasks become simpler. Next steps

Mastering the Art of Engagement in Sales

Table of Contents Some sales conversations stay with you. Not because of what was sold, but because of how it felt — like someone genuinely understood what mattered. And then there are the others. Robotic. One-sided. Forgettable. The difference? Engagement. Engagement in sales isn’t just a soft skill or a nice-to-have. It’s the difference between building trust and losing interest before the first follow-up. Below, we explore what it takes to connect with prospects and customers in a way that’s thoughtful, personal, and effective. It’s not about performing. It’s about understanding how to hold someone’s attention, ask the right questions, and say the things that move a conversation forward. And yes, it’s an art — but one you can learn. Why Poor Engagement Kills Sales Sales teams spend weeks crafting messaging, training reps, and refining outreach strategies. But all of that falls apart if the person on the other side doesn’t feel heard or understood. Poor engagement has a cost, and it shows up fast. Reduced trust and credibility Disengaged prospects don’t believe you understand their needs. And when trust slips, so does the likelihood of any real conversation. Engagement in sales builds credibility through intent, curiosity, and follow-through. Lower conversion rates Every missed cue or rushed pitch chips away at the chance to move a deal forward. Prospects who feel unheard are far more likely to ghost. When engagement is missing, conversion rates drop. Longer sales cycles Disjointed communication adds friction. Questions get repeated. Stakeholders get confused. And what could have been a short sales process drags on for weeks. Engagement brings clarity and momentum. Increased churn and customer dissatisfaction Engagement isn’t just for the pre-sale. Customers remember how they were treated, and how much you stayed in touch. A lack of engagement after the contract leads to churn, missed upsells, and fewer referrals. The real loss is opportunity. Sales teams that fail to engage well don’t just lose deals. They lose context, insight, and reputation. Key Elements of Effective Engagement in Sales Engagement isn’t about charisma. It’s a skill set. One that blends preparation with people skills, and curiosity with relevance. Understanding your audience Every conversation should start with a clear sense of who you’re talking to and why they might care. That means going beyond basic demographics. Sales reps who know their ideal customer profile — and take time to research each prospect — are better equipped to speak to what matters. Engagement in sales starts with relevance. If your first message could be sent to twenty other people, it’s probably not ready yet. Active listening and empathy Prospects can tell when they’re being talked at instead of talked with. They can also tell when a rep is more interested in their own script than in the answers being given. Good sales communication depends on active listening. That means tuning in to tone and body language. It means asking better questions and acknowledging what’s said before moving on to your next point. Empathy isn’t a soft skill — it’s a signal that you’re paying attention. Personalization and relevance Nothing kills engagement faster than a pitch that feels like it was copy-pasted from a template. Personalization is about more than adding a first name to an email. It’s about speaking to real needs, using specific details, and showing that you’ve done your homework. Value comes from context. A message that’s relevant to one customer might be meaningless to another. Engagement in sales depends on knowing which is which. Storytelling and connection People don’t remember data points. They remember stories. Good storytelling isn’t about theatrics. It’s about showing real examples of how a problem got solved, or how a team succeeded — with just enough detail to make it feel tangible. And it’s not just about the company. The most effective sellers build connection through shared experiences and natural conversation. Rapport can’t be forced, but it can be earned. Clear and concise communication You don’t win points for speaking in jargon or making your pitch sound complex. Good sales engagement relies on clarity. Say what you mean. Know when to pause. Be confident without being pushy. Your tone matters too. Being overly casual or overly formal can both backfire. Find the balance that feels like a real person having a useful conversation. Curiosity and inquiry Engagement in sales comes alive when reps ask questions they genuinely care about. Not just qualification checkboxes, but open-ended questions that explore why the prospect is considering change — and what’s motivating them. Curiosity isn’t just for discovery calls. It should carry through every stage of the conversation. A rep who’s asking thoughtful follow-up questions is a rep who’s listening. Follow-up and consistency The fastest way to lose trust is to disappear after the first call. Engagement means being consistent and timely. It means following up with value, not just to “check in.” When a prospect knows you’re paying attention and staying in touch, they’re more likely to stay engaged. It signals that you’re dependable and invested in the outcome. Practical Tips for the Sales Journey Engagement doesn’t start with the discovery call. It starts earlier, and it lasts long after the deal is signed. Engagement in the Prospecting Phase Cold outreach should never feel cold. Mention something relevant. Reference a recent update. Ask a smart question. The goal is to get someone to respond not out of obligation, but because you’ve said something worth their time. Engagement in the Discovery Phase This is where most reps talk too much. Focus on listening. Ask fewer questions that lead to better answers. Don’t jump to solutions too early. Prospects feel engaged when they feel heard. Engagement in the Presentation Phase Tailor your demo. Don’t walk through every feature. Show what matters most based on what you’ve already learned. And check in along the way. Ask if you’re hitting the mark. Engagement in the Closing Phase This isn’t the moment to turn into a closer. It’s the moment to summarize clearly, address concerns honestly, and